According to the census of 2011, there are about 1.77 million homeless people in India. Majority of the homeless people in India live in the streets and in makeshift shelters. A very small number of these people get access to night shelters mostly in big cities though they are mostly overcrowded and even lack basic facilities. Hence, the majority are forced to live in virtually sub-human conditions with poor sanitation facilities, limited access to proper drinking water and food. Another major problem is their lack of access to healthcare facilities and quite a number of them having mental health issues.
To understand the complex issues involving the homeless in India, this week we talk to Dr Sanjay Kumar, Director of Ashray Adhikar Abhiyan, a Delhi-based voluntary organization working for the homeless and an expert on urban governance. Dr Kumar has wide experience of working on urban poverty, homelessness and beggary.
Vedabhyas Kundu: How do you think poverty contributes to homelessness? Further, what do you think is the role of increasing urbanization on the rise of homelessness?
Sanjay Kumar: Homelessness in India is largely originated with Poverty and Joblessness. People migrate from rural to urban landscape in the search of better livelihood for him and for other who left behind. In the struggle of finding bread and shelter they often saw in the park, stations, bus stops, red lights, under flyovers, corridors of temple and other religious places. On the basis of their presence they defined as a homeless person.
Homelessness in India has also other reasons such as landlessness, unemployment, and inadequate social services, caste factors, alcoholism, mental health, domestic violence, Brocken family structure etc. perpetuate cycles of homelessness.
Vedabhyas Kundu: One of the concerns of those who are homeless is the lack of access to healthcare. What according to you needs to be done to help homeless people have atleast some access to urgent health care facilities?
Sanjay Kumar: Urban cities have opportunity to digest poverty. People from rural background who happen to be the victim of various kind of poverty always attract to come to the urban centers in the search of livelihood also the wide range of development and structural growth demand lots of labors for the helping hands from rural outsets. It has significantly contributes to homelessness in India by attaracting from villages and creating intense demand for housing that cities are unprepared to meet their needs.
The high cost of living in cities exacerbates this issue, as basic needs such as food and transportation already strain limited incomes for those who are just landed. In situation they hardly find place where they can go for stay. Hence they are very much visible in the park and road side. Without targeted urban planning and affordable housing initiatives, urbanization will continue to drive homelessness. Addressing this requires inclusive planning, slum upgrades, and rental assistance programs to support the most vulnerable in urban areas. Need to accept as a citizens of India and accommodate them in various policy including housing.
Vedabhyas Kundu: What is the role of mental health, and addictions like substance abuse etc. in exacerbating the problems of homelessness?
Sanjay Kumar: Mental health issues and substance abuse play a significant role in exacerbating homelessness, creating a challenging cycle. Many individuals facing homelessness have undiagnosed or untreated mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia, which can hinder their ability to maintain employment or secure stable housing. Without access to mental health services, these conditions often worsen, leading to increased isolation, stigmatization, and vulnerability. Homelessness very often 4 people out of 10 are facing these condition. Unfortunate part of this issue are that even in urban scenario is that there are very limited space and facilities are available for the mental health issues related with homeless people.
Substance abuse further complicates this situation. Many homeless individuals turn to drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism for stress, trauma, or mental health struggles. However, substance dependence can lead to erratic behavior, poor health, and financial strain, making it even harder to escape homelessness. Addiction can also lead to legal issues, reinforcing a cycle of poverty and marginalization.
Vedabhyas Kundu: Please share your views on the role of civil society organizations and community-based solutions in addressing the concerns of homelessness in India?
Sanjay Kumar: Civil society organizations (CSOs) and community-based solutions play a pivotal role in addressing homelessness in India by providing immediate relief, advocating for policy changes, and promoting sustainable solutions. CSOs often bridge gaps in government services by offering essential resources like shelters, food, healthcare, and rehabilitation for homeless individuals. Their grassroots reach enables them to deliver support directly, especially to marginalized groups who may lack access to mainstream services.
In addition, CSOs actively advocate for policy reforms that emphasize affordable housing, social security, and inclusive urban planning. They collaborate with the government to implement housing schemes, ensure legal protections, and reduce forced evictions. By raising awareness and building public empathy, they challenge societal stigma and bring homelessness into the national dialogue.
Community-based initiatives, such as locally run shelters and neighborhood support networks, empower communities to address homelessness collectively. These initiatives often create self-sustaining solutions by involving homeless individuals in skill-building and livelihood programs, enabling them to achieve financial stability and self-reliance.
Together, CSOs and community-based approaches foster a supportive ecosystem that combines immediate aid with long-term empowerment, crucial for reducing homelessness in a complex socio-economic landscape like India’s. Civil society orgnisation train the other people for the carrying forward this work among the other ambit.
Vedabhyas Kundu: Going by your extensive experience of working with homeless people, what kind of innovation would you advocate to prevent homelessness in India?
Sanjay Kumar: Drawing from my experience with homeless communities, I would advocate for innovations focused on preventive support and develop a integrated approach to handle the issues. One important aspect that need to look after is that we need to see homelessness away from bricks and blankets. See homelessness apart from rooflessness. Providing shelter is one and just emergency measures but need paired with robust social safety nets. One key solution is a "Housing First" model, which prioritizes providing stable housing as a foundation for other support services, such as mental health care, employment training, and substance abuse counseling. Housing First programs, combined with wrap-around services, have shown success globally and can be adapted to India’s urban and rural contexts.
In rural areas, livelihood programs linked to household individuals could prevent forced migration to cities, thus addressing a root cause of urban homelessness. Overall, innovation should center on holistic, person-centric solutions that address both the immediate needs for homeless people and the underlying socio-economic issues contributing to homelessness.
In conclusion homelessness is a manifestation of various factors hence the solutions are also comes from holistic approach of handling the issue. Need to integrate and coordinate many departments and ministries along with community based organizations.